某些情况,由单个代码段可能引起多个异常。处理这种情况,你可以定义两个或更多的catch子句,每个子句捕获一种类型的异常。当异常被引发时,每一个catch子句被依次检查,第一个匹配异常类型的子句执行。当一个catch语句执行以后,其他的子句被旁路,执行从try/catch块以后的代码开始继续。下面的例子设计了两种不同的异常类型:
// Demonstrate multiple catch statements. class MultiCatch { public static void main(String args[]) { try { int a = args.length; System.out.println("a = " + a); int b = 42 / a; int c[] = { 1 }; c[42] = 99; } catch(ArithmeticException e) { System.out.println("Divide by 0: " + e); } catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) { System.out.println("Array index oob: " + e); } System.out.println("After try/catch blocks."); } }
该程序在没有命令行参数的起始条件下运行导致被零除异常,因为a为0。如果你提供一个命令行参数,它将幸免于难,把a设成大于零的数值。但是它将导致ArrayIndexOutOf BoundsException异常,因为整型数组c的长度为1,而程序试图给c[42]赋值。下面是运行在两种不同情况下程序的输出:
C:\>java MultiCatch
a = 0
Divide by 0: java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero After try/catch blocks.
C:\>java MultiCatch TestArg
a = 1
Array index oob: java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException After try/catch blocks.
C:\>java MultiCatch
a = 0
Divide by 0: java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero After try/catch blocks.
C:\>java MultiCatch TestArg
a = 1
Array index oob: java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException After try/catch blocks.
当你用多catch语句时,记住异常子类必须在它们任何父类之前使用是很重要的。这是因为运用父类的catch语句将捕获该类型及其所有子类类型的异常。这样,如果子类在父类后面,子类将永远不会到达。而且,Java中不能到达的代码是一个错误。例如,考虑下面的程序:
/* This program contains an error. A subclass must come before its superclass in a series of catch statements. If not,unreachable code will be created and acompile-time error will result. */ class SuperSubCatch { public static void main(String args[]) { try { int a = 0; int b = 42 / a; } catch(Exception e) { System.out.println("Generic Exception catch."); } /* This catch is never reached because ArithmeticException is a subclass of Exception. */ catch(ArithmeticException e) { // ERROR - unreachable System.out.println("This is never reached."); } } }
如果你试着编译该程序,你会收到一个错误消息,该错误消息说明第二个catch语句不会到达,因为该异常已经被捕获。因为ArithmeticException 是Exception的子类,第一个catch语句将处理所有的面向Exception的错误,包括ArithmeticException。这意味着第二个catch语句永远不会执行。为修改程序,颠倒两个catch语句的次序。